THE POLICY OF COLLECTIVIZATION AND DISPOSSESSION IN THE TERRITORY OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
THE POLICY OF COLLECTIVIZATION AND DISPOSSESSION IN THE TERRITORY OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
Zhumabek Zhangabaev
Trainee teacher, Berdakh Karakalpak State University,
Uzbekistan, Nukus
Nasiba Bekbaulieva
Trainee teacher, Berdakh Karakalpak State University,
Uzbekistan, Nukus
ПОЛИТИКА КОЛЛЕКТИВИЗАЦИИ И РАСКУЛАЧИВАНИЯ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ КАРАКАЛПАКСТАНА
Жангабаев Жумабек Жалгасбаевич
учитель-стажер, Каракалпакский государственный университет имени Бердаха,
Узбекистан, г. Нукус
Бекбаулиева Насиба Барлыкбайевна
учитель-стажер, Каракалпакский государственный университет имени Бердаха,
Узбекистан, г. Нукус
ABSTRACT
Based on statistical data, the article interprets the results of the repressive policy pursued by the Soviet authorities in the 20s and 30s of the twentieth century on the basis of Karakalpakstan as an example.
АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье на основе статистических данных на примере Каракалпакстана интерпретируются результаты репрессивной политики, проводившейся советской властью в 20-е и 30-е годы ХХ века.
Keywords: confiscation, land and water reform, collectivization, collective farm, migration, tax.
Ключевые слова: конфискация, земельно-водная реформа, коллективизация, колхоз, миграция, налог.
One of the most difficult moments in the history of our people was the repressive policy pursued by the Soviet government. Part of this policy was the policy of collectivization and the kulaks, directed against the peasantry, which constituted the main force in agriculture. The collectivization policy pursued by the Soviet government actually began in the early 20s of the 20th century. But this policy was carried out masterfully and gradually. In this regard, much attention was paid to the land and water reform, which was carried out mainly in two stages: the first stage in 1921-1922, the second stage in 1925-1929. As a result of the land and water reform carried out throughout Uzbekistan, 4,801 peasant farms were liquidated as kulak farms, and surplus lands of 23,036 farms were seized. In Karakalpakstan in 1929, a land and water reform was carried out, the farms of more than 300 semi-zamindars were confiscated, and the lands of more than 5,000 rich people were confiscated [4. 265].
Repressions against kulak farms began with the decree of the center "On the confiscation of lands of prosperous farms" of August 17, 1928. Their property was confiscated, and they themselves were exiled to distant countries, to the desert regions of the two republics. The first three collective farms, created in Karakalpakstan in 1928, were created by destroying kulak farms and forcing peasants into collective farms [2. 223]. The number of collective farms created in this way in 1929 was 33.
The dissatisfaction of the population with the policy of collectivization of agriculture was growing. In addition, the arbitrariness of levying taxes from the population, forcing it to hand over grain to the state (even farms that were not engaged in crops) aggravated the situation of the people. As a result, in August-September 1929, a popular uprising took place in the Chimboy and Takhtakopyr regions under the leadership of Abdijalil Makhsum Ismetullayev and Borlikboy Nurimov. The uprising was suppressed, the visiting session of the Supreme Court of Kazakhstan sentenced 16 people to death, 25 people to imprisonment for various terms, 4 people were acquitted. 36 members of the “Chimboy counter-revolutionary organization” were sentenced to be shot by a troika outside of court, 13 to five and three years in concentration camps with confiscation of property [2. 425]. This uprising was a strong protest of the people of Karakalpakstan against the policy of collectivization.
In the spring of 1930, a land and water reform and the liquidation of “collective farms and semi-feudal farms” were simultaneously carried out in Karakalpakstan on the basis of the collectivization of agriculture. A commission was created with the participation of K. Allabergenov, V. Dumchev, K. Mambetniyazov, Kalmenov to “identify capitalist elements” and a “troika” with the participation of P. Varlamov, K. Allabergenov, A. Belonogov on the “liquidation of wealthy farms” [3. 232].
300 such farms were identified in the instruction of the Kazakh Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated February 9, 1930. In March 1930, the executive committee of the Karakalpak Autonomous Region exiled 298 kulak households deep into Karakalpakstan and the Aktobe region of Kazakhstan [2. 422]. Of these, 36 households from Tortkol, 43 households from Shobboz, 35 households from Kypchak, 43 households from Khodjayli, 44 households from Kegeyli, 20 households from Kungirot, 43 households from Chimboy, 10 households from Karaozak and 18 households from Takhtakopyr. moved. At the same time, in the process of fulfilling the instructions of the Center, farms with less than 9 tenths of the land were classified as "rich - semi-feudal." From January 1, 1929 to May 1, 1930, 147 people from “wealthy semi-serf” peoples were shot in Karakalpakstan, 29 people were sent to concentration camps [1. 68-72]. As a result of the artificial acceleration of collectivization, the process of forcibly attracting peasants to collective farms was artificially accelerated. In Karakalpakstan in January 1930, 12% of all farms were collectivized, and in April this figure was 52%. 20 collective farms have been created in the Kipchak region, 71 collective farms in the Chimboy region, and 100% collectivization has been carried out in the Tomdinsky and Khodzhayly regions. Peasants were driven to collective farms with the help of armed police, those who refused to join collective farms were imprisoned, threatened with excessive taxes.
Such a repressive policy of the Bolsheviks towards the rural population caused a mass exodus of the local population from Karakalpakstan. Only in February-March 1931, about 680 households from the Kypchok district moved to Turkmenistan and Khorezm. 460 farms of the Chimboy district and 263 farms of the Tomdinsky district had to be relocated [2. 422]. Thus, the artificial acceleration of collectivization in Karakalpakstan had tragic consequences. Farmers were forced to plant cotton. The task was set to further expand cotton growing in Tortkol, Shobboz, Kypchak, Khodjayli, Chimboy, Kegaily, Kungirot districts. Karaozak and Takhtakopyr regions, which were mainly pastoral regions, also began to adapt to cotton growing. As a result, the policy of collectivization of agriculture has damaged the age-old economic traditions of our people.
In 1936, the policy of collectivization ended in Karakalpakstan. Collective farms united 90% of peasant farms and occupied 96% of all cultivated land. The number of collective farms reached 1100 [2. 425].
Thus, as a result of the policy of collectivization and the kulaks, all forms of free property and market relations were abolished, and people were deprived of basic rights and freedoms as a result of forced entry into collective farms.
References:
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- New history of Uzbekistan, book II. Tashkent., 2000
- New history of Karakalpakstan. Nukus., 2003
- Shamsutdinov R., Karimov Sh. History of the Motherland, Book III. Tashkent., 2010